Isola9on Isola?on is specified further as: • read uncommi6ed • read commi6ed • repeated reads • snapshot isola?on • serializable There are two ways to implement isola?on; either “locks” or “mvcc”. Using locks it is hard to predict the order in which transac?ons will gain the lock. Using mul?-‐version concurrency control a transac?on might abort or restart, because it is going to write, but that write is currently prohibited. In both cases the behavior is not determinis?c. As a side remark one should keep in mind that in the past transac?ons have been long-‐runners. That is to say, transac?ons waited most of their ?me. Nowadays, transac?ons are very short lived.